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Design Methods Group DRS Journal (1973-1979)

The DMG DRS Journal was published by the Design Methods Group. It was distributed to members of the Design Methods Group (in the USA and 38 other countries) and to members of the DRS (in the United Kingdom). The DRS Digital Library contains issues from 1973 to 1979.

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DMG Journal Vol.13 No.1

Robert A. Fowles

SPECIAL ISSUE: DESIGN METHODS IN U.K. SCHOOLS OF ARCHITECTURE Robert A. Fowles, Guest Editor

Contents

1 Donald P. Grant, Chairman of the Design Methods Group

2 EDITORIAL
Robert A. Fowles

6 ATTITUDES TO DESIGN METHODS: 1958-78
Derek Buttle

10 DESIGN METHODS AND ARCHITECTURAL THEORY
James B. Harris

15 DESIGN METHODS AT THE PORTSMOUTH SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE Geoffrey Broadbent

18 METHODS AND MODELS: ALIVE AND WELL AT STRATHCLYDE
Tom Maver

23 ARCHITECTURE IS NOT A DEGREE GAME, OR NEVER MIND THE BALL, LET'S GET ON WITH THE GAME
Andrew McMillan

29 THE ACT OF DESIGNING
Bryan Lawson

33 DESIGN METHODS: THEORY TO PRAGMATISM
Robert A. Fowles

39 ATTITUDES TOWARDS DESIGN METHODS AT HUDDERSFIELD POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
Geoffrey Calderbank and Jaki Howes

41 THE DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN METHODS: A REVIEW
Geoffrey Broadbent

DMG Reference Sheets for the new student of design:

46 Reference Sheet One, Design Methodology and Design Methods

48 Reference Sheet Two, Professional Practice as a Small-scale Master Builder

50 Information about the DESIGN METHODS GROUP
DMG Journal Vol.12 No.1

Jean-Pierre Protzen

OPEN ISSUE
In this open issue we have papers representative of design viewed at several levels, from the very specific and narrowly defined level represented in Chyutin's paper to the broad, theoretical scope of Prost's. Specific technical issues within the area of decision making are represented in Rusin and in the exchange between Wise and Grant. In one sense several of the articles in this issue represent follow-up's on earlier "how to do it" issues of the journal, specifically those dealing with Design by Objectives (Vol.10 No.4) and the Morphological Approach (Vol.11 No.3).

One very desirable thing can be seen in this issue which has been sadly lacking during most of the journal's history, and that is critical comment on previous articles. Wise's comment and Grant's response will hopefully initiate a continuing activity of critique and comment on the material published in the journal.

Contents

VARIETY GENERATION (DIVERGENCE)

1 THE MANAGEMENT OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL BOX IN DESIGN DECISION MAKING
Robert E. Warren

DESIGN EDUCATION

11 SCALE MODEL BUILDING AS A MEANS OF LEARNING ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
John Lange

14 DESIGN METHODS EDUCATION AT CAL POLY - SAN LUIS OBISPO
Donald P. Grant

20 TEACHING PLANNING THEORY
Robert Prost

EVALUATION (VARIETY REDUCTION)(CONVERGENCE)

32 WEIGHTING OF PARTIAL JUDGMENTS IN OBJECTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF DECISIONS
Dorek Jamie Rusin

40 A CRITICAL REPLY TO DONALD GRANTS "ALPHA-BETA" MODEL FOR DECISION MAKING WITH MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES
James A. Wise

44 RESPONSE TO JAMES A. WISE S CRITICAL REPLY TO THE ALPHA-BETA MODEL FOR DECISION MAKING
Donald P. Grant

MODELING

46 MODELING ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEMS
Richard W. Seaton

53 DESIGNING INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS WITH THE AID OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS
Michael Chyutin

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN

60 THAT A COMPUTER CAN BE INTELLIGENT WITHOUT HAVING A MIND
M.P.T. Linzey
DMG Journal Vol.12 No.3/4

Jean-Pierre Protzen

The editors note that the publication of this issue marked the completion of the DMG's twelfth year of publication. This is an "omnibus" issue, collecting a varied fare of entries. The editors write, 'In the body of abstracts from the Turkish conference one can see an interesting microcosmic view of the topics that have appeared in our pages during the first twelve years'.

Contents

SECTION ON PARADIGMS

140 PREFACE ON PARADIGMS Daniel T. Wormhoudt

155 PARADIGMS AND THE PRACTICE OF ENVIRONMENAL PLANNING Daniel T. Wormhoudt

156 A THEORY OF CRITICAL REFLECTION IN THE PLANNING PROCESS Alcira Kreimer, Nicos Polydorides, and Daniel T. Wormhoudt

187 THE CASE AGAINST PLANNING: THE BELOVED COMMUNITY C. West Churchman.

191 THE POVERTY OF PATTERN LANGUAGE - A BOOK REVIEW OF CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER, ET.AL., "A PATTERN LANGUAGE, TOWNS, BUILDINGS, CONSTRUCTION."

A REVIEW OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE DESIGN METHODS GROUP - PART ONE: TABLES OF CONTENTS VOLUMES ONE THROUGH TWELVE

Future issues of DESIGN METHODS AND THEORIES will carry further entries in this series reviewing the publications of the DMG from 1966 through the present, Volumes 1 through 12. Early issues will carry a comprehensive index to ,the first twelve volumes, an index of abstracts published, an index of book reviews, and review articles on various topics covered during the past years.

TABLES OF CONTENTS

171 DMG NEWSLETTER, VOL.1 THROUGH VOL.5 180 DMG-DRS JOURNAL: DESIGN RESEARCH AND METHODS, VOL. 6 THROUGH VOL. 9 184 DESIGN METHODS AND THEORIES, VOL. 10 THROUGH VOL. 12

OPEN ISSUE

195 THE HABITAT FOR DIFFERENT SOCIAL CATEGORIES Alberto Gasparini

207 DESIGNING DESIGN EDUCATION SHARED VIEWPOINTS Philippe Duchastel and Alistair Morgan

ISTANBUL CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS

212 Bayazit, Nigan (Abstracts Editor). ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN: INTERRELATIONS AMONG THEORY, RESEARCH AND PRACTICE. Abstracts of papers presented at the conference, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, May 15-17, 1978

Forty-six abstracts, listed by author in the index to Volume 12

219 INDEX TO VOLUME TWELVE (1978)
DMG Journal Vol.12 No.2

Reg Talbot

DESIGN RESEARCH IN THE U.K.

70 EDITORIAL
Reg Talbot

72 VISUAL ANALYSIS : THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF VISUAL DESCRIPTORS
Graeme Aylward and Mark Turnbull

89 AN ADAPTIVE APPROACH TO SOLUTION GENERATION
S.R. Berger, R. Gill and D.C. Hughes.

94 DESIGN PLAY NUMBER ONE: The Problem is ...
Nigel Cross

99 COUNTER DESIGNING COMPANY PRODUCTS :THE LUCAS AEROSPACE WORKERS CAMPAIGN FOR SOCIALLY USEFUL TECHNOLOGY
David Elliott

104 POWER, A NEGLECTED CONCEPT IN OFFICE DESIGN?
Alan Lipman, Ian Cooper, Rita Harris and Robert Tranter

117 FAILURES AND RISK IN DESIGN
David T. Yeomans

123 A DEFINITION OF DESIGN: ORIGINATING USEFUL SYSTEMS
David Sless

131 THE PROBLEM OF TERMINOLOGY : A PROPOSED TERMINOLOGY FOR DESIGN THEORIES AND METHODS
Krishna S. Mathur
DMG Journal Vol.11 No.3

Donald P. Grant

Contents

THE 'HOW TO'OF DECISION MAKING
Guest Editor: Donald P. Grant

This issue is the second in a series of issues on the "how to" of various design methods. These "how to" issues of DESIGN METHODS AND THEORIES are intended for use as self-instruction manuals for practicing designers and for use as texts by teachers of design methods courses.

The first issue in this "how to" series was Volume 10 Number 4, October-December 1976, and included articles on decision-making with multiple objectives.

This second issue in the "how to" series deals with the morphological approach to idea generation.

One current analysis of the design process is as a constantly-repeated isomorphism made up of three types of activity. Rittel describes the three types of activity as problem definition, variety generation and variety reduction. Jones refers to the same three kinds of activities as transformation, divergence and convergence, respectively. The first issue in this "how to" series dealt chiefly with the activities of problem definition and variety reduction, that is, transformation and convergence. This issue, on the morphological approach, deals chiefly with the activi- ties of problem definition (transformation) and variety generation (divergence). Methods of idea production, variety generation, divergence, or creativity, to list several near synonyms for this aspect of designing activity, that are commonly taught in design methods courses and used by designers include the morphological approach, treated here, and the free-association approaches of brainstorming and Synectics. The morphological approach has been used in awide variety of design tasks. Future issues in this "how to" series will include material on the Issue-based Information System, or IBIS; on decision-making with multiple objectives and multiple clients; on space planning methods; and on image profiling in the manner of the semantic differential.

129 HOW TO CONSTRUCT AMORPHOLOGICAL BOX
Donald P. Grant

159 HOW TO CONSTRUCT AMORPHOLOGICAL TREE
Donald P. Grant
DMG Journal Vol.11 No.4

Donald P. Grant

'HOW TO' OF ISSUE-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS (I.B.I.S.)

Guest Editor: Donald P. Grant, Ph.D. Professor of Architecture and Environmental Design

This issue is the third in a series of issues on the "how to" of various design methods. These "how to" issues of DESIGN METHODS AND THEORIES are intended for use as self-instructional manuals for practicing designers and for use as texts by teachers of design methods courses.

The first issue in this "how to" series was Volume 10 Number 4, October-December 1976, and included articles on decision-making with multiple objectives.

The second issue in this "how to" series was Volume 11 Number 3, July-September 1977, and included articles on how to construct and use morphological boxes and morphological trees.

This issue on the IBIS is being published earlier than was intended; it was not my intent as editor (and author) to run two issues of my own work back-to-back, as I am in fact doing with this and the previous issue. However, the material prepared for Volume 11 Number 4 was checked and withdrawn for further work on the eve of printing, and this material, being ready for publication already, was substituted at the last minute in order to begin the process of catching up to our publishing schedule. This issue will be followed in quick succession by Volume 12 Number 1 and Volume 12 Number 2; indeed, one or both of these issues may have reached our subscribers before this issue. It is our firm resolve to maintain our publishing schedule in the future.

Contents

185 HOW TO USE THE IBIS AS A PROCEDURE FOR DELIBERATION AND ARGUMENT IN ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AND PLANNING
Donald P. Grant

221 HOW TO OPERATE AN IBIS IN SUPPORT OF A RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
Donald P. Grant

256 A METHOD FOR IBIS DATA GATHERING AND DEVELOPMENT
E. Burton Swanson

261 INDEX TO VOLUME ELEVEN (1977)
DMG Journal Vol.11 No.2

Jean-Pierre Protzen

Contents
OPEN ISSUE
The editors of Design Methods and Theories regularly receive unsolicited articles written for publication by readers of the journal. Many of these articles might, be of interest to other readers, but do not fit our format of topical issues. To accomodate such articles the editors will, from time to time, prepare an open issue. The present issue is the first in this series.

65 DESIGN DECISION MAKING IN MANAGEMENT
Vilma Barr

69 VALUE ORIENTATIONS AND THEIR USE IN THE FORMATION OF POLICY AND PROGRAMS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF RECREATIONAL AREAS
David L. Groves and Harvey Kahalas

91 SPECTATOR SEATING PREFERENCE AS A DETER- MINANT IN DESIGN AND PRICING DECISIONS
John F. Kottas

98 SPACE PHOTOS HELP CITY PLANNERS BETEER UNDERSTAND THEIR COMMUNITIES
Albert J. Landini and Nevin A. Bryant

105 FUNCTIONAL DESIGN OF LECTURE THEATERS
Terence M. Russell

113 DECOMPOSITION OF A MULTI-CELL COMPLEX--A PROBLEM IN PHYSICAL DESIGN
E. Shaviv, R. Hashimshony, and A. Wachman

121 THE USE OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING AS A TOOL IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
James R. Ulrich and Harriet M. Braunstein

128 A CALL FOR PAPERS
DMG Journal Vol.11 No.1

Reg Talbot

Contents

DESIGN RESEARCH IN THE U.K.
Guest Editor: Reg Talbot

1 EDITORIAL
Reg Talbot

2 FRAMES OF REFERENCE (Is Architecture What Architects Do?)
Barry Russell

11 THE ARCHITECT'S DILEMMA
Michael Thompson

17 WHAT HAPPENED TO DESIGN METHODS IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION? Bob Fowles

32 LEARNING TO DESIGN THE FUTURE
Nigel Cross

38 PROSPECTS FOR DESIGN PARTICIPATION
Bob Aish

48 HOW MY THOUGHTS ABOUT DESIGN METHODS HAVE CHANGED DURING THE YEARS J.
Christopher Jones

63 EPILOGUE : A NOTE ON THE FUTURE OF DESIGN TECHNOLOGY
Robin Jacques
DMG Journal Vol.10 No.3

C. West Churchman

Contents

MORALITY AND PLANNING

Guest Editor: C. West Churchman

164 PREFACE
C. West Churchman, School of Business Administration, University of California Berkeley

165 MORALITY AND PLANNING
C. West Churchman

182 RUMINATIONS ON "MORALITY AND PLANNING"
Kathleen A. Archibald, Syntropy Associates, San Francisco

186 COMMENTS ON "MORALITY AND PLANNING"
Thomas A. Cowan, Busch Center University of Pennsylvania

188 IS A SOCIALLY MORAL PUBLIC POLICY POSSIBLE?
Richard 0. Mason, Graduate School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles

191 A PLANNER'S REJOINDER ON "MORALITY AND PLANNING"
Richard L. Meier, College of Environmental Design, University of California, Berkeley

194 END
C. West Churchman

195 BOOK REVIEWS
DMG Journal Vol.10 No.2

Wojciech W.. Gasparski

Contents

STUDIES IN DESIGN METHODOLOGY IN POLAND Guest Editor: Wojciech W. Gasparski

This issue is intended to present some ideas, concepts, results, and direction of development typical for modern design methodological studies in Poland in the last few years. For this purpose the review has been composed of papers or parts of papers written and published before, mostly in Polish. The preparation of the issue has been subsidized by the Committee of the Science of Science of the Polish Academy of Science--the sponsor of two Polish Design Methodology Conferences, Warsaw 1971 and 1974.

61 ON THE THRESHOLD OF A NEW PARADIGM* Wojciech W. Gasparski

66 ENGINEERS' INTERESTS IN PRAXIOLOGY** Bogdan Walentynowicz

70 PRAXIOLOGICAL MODEL OF TECHNICAL SYSTEM* WXodzimierz Bojarski

81 PRAXIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DESIGN ACTIVITY Zygmunt Kleyff

97 ACTION THEORY: ALGEBRA OF GOALS AND ALGEBRA OF MEANS Maria Nowakowska

103 TOWARDS FORMAL DESIGN METHODOLOGY. THE CASE: NOTION OF A DESIGN PROBLEM Wojciech W. Gasparski

108 SELFDEVELOPING DESIGNING SYSTEM* Robert Staniszewski

112 SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF THE CONCEPT OF CREATIVE INVENTION: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY Andrzej Strzałecki and Maria Targowska

118 THE DEVELOPMENT OF UTILIZATION EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS AND ITS APPLICATION* Witold C. Dorosinski

126 MODELING RELATIONSHIPS IN A SET OF GENERAL METHODS USED IN ORGANIZATION PROCEDUREk Zbigniew Martyniak

134 LEMACH-2 DESIGN PROCEDURE* Władysław Lenkiewicz

143 MODULAR DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY. AN URBAN PLANNING CASE* Stefan K. Wrona

148 IMPACT OF COMPUTERS ON DESIGN ACTIVITY* Romuald Marczynski

158 DIDACTICS IN DESIGNING. A MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CASE** Janusz Dietrych

* Translated by Jozef Stadler. ** Translated by Magdalena Mierowska.
DMG Journal Vol.10 No.4

Donald P. Grant

Contents

THE 'HOW TO' OF DECISION MAKING
Guest Editor: Donald P. Grant

This is the first in a series of issues on the "how to" of various design methods. These issues may be used as manuals for self-instruction by designers in practice or as "text-books" by teachers of design methods. Future "how to" issues are planned on IBIS, Morphological Analysis, Space Planning Techniques, etc.

200 HOW TO USE AN ALPHA-BETA MODEL FOR DECISION- MAKING WITH MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES
Donald P. Grant

212 HOW TO USE THE METHOD OF PAIRED COMPARISONS: A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE TASK OF RANKING THINGS
Donald P. Grant

219 HOW TO WEIGHT OBJECTIVES USING THE CHURCHMAN-ACKOFF METHOD
Donald P. Grant

238 INDEX TO VOLUME 10 (1976)
DMG Journal Vol.10 No.1

Jean-Pierre Protzen and James Burke

Contents

EXPERIENCES WITH DESIGN METHODS

1 EDITORIAL Jean-Pierre Protzen, Editor James Burke, Guest Editor

2 A VIEW FROM THE FIELD Pat Schilling, Stone, Marraccini, and Patterson, San Francisco, California

9 STANDARDS AND LAYOUTS FOR SITE AND SERVICE PROJECTS: RESEARCH RESULTS AND APPLICATIONS George Beier, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

15 THE MASTER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT: A METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF GENERAL PLANS Richard Hall, Santa Clara County(Ca.) Planning Department

21 NOTES ON THE USES AND VALUE OF COMPUTER MODELS IN THE PRACTISE OF CITY PLANNING Allan B. Jacobs, Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California, Berkeley

26 THE DETERMINANTS OF THE USE OF URBAN MODELS IN REGIONAL PLANNING Howard Pack and Janet Rothenberg Pack, Department of Economics, Swathmore College and School of Public and Urban Policy, University of Pennsylvania, respectively

33 PRAGMATIC ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTING A MODELING SYSTEM William Goldner, Consultant to the ABAG/MTC Technical Staff, Berkeley, California

42 IMPLEMENTATION AS AN INPUT TO DECISIONS ON ENERGY RESEARCH ALTERNATIVES Peter House, H. W. Bruck, and Marie Howland, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley

50 QUANTITATIVE METHOD IN THE WILDERNESS: THE SELECTION OF WILDERNESS AREAS BY THE U.S. FOREST SERVICE James Burke and Robert Twiss, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of California, Berkeley
DMG Journal Vol.9 No.4

Michael Payatok and Hanno Weber

Contents

PARTICIPATORY PLANNING AND DESIGN 300 EDITORIAL Michael Pyatok and Hanno Weber, Guest Editors

304 CHOICES OF PARTICIPATORY PLANNING Joe Ouye and Jean-Pierre Protzen

313 ADVOCACY AND THE ETHICS OF COMMUNITY CONFLICT INTERVENTION James H. Laue

321 PARTICIPATORY ARCHITECTURE: ACTION PLUS FORM Stefanos Polyzoides

325 ARCHITECTURE: THE ________ Profession a) illegitimate b) irrelevant c) irreverent d) all the above e) none of the above REFLECTIONS OF AN INITIATE ON THE EVE OF GRADUATION Mary Comerio

333 CITIZEN INVOLVEMENT IN THE COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING PROCESS: PROPOSED POLICY GOVERNING PARTICIPATION REQUIREMENTS - Claudia Pharis

337 ESTABLISHING AND UTILIZING VALUES FOR COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING: A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH James M. Mayo, Don E. Allen and Fount T. Smothers

341 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION: A TRAINING PROGRAM FOR PHYSICAL PLANNING Dennis A Mann

348 PARTICIPATORY PLANNING IN AN URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD SOULERD, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI: A CASE STUDY Janet G. Hurwitz

BOOK REVIEWS 358 LIVED-IN ARCHITECTURE Le Corbusier's Pessac Revisite, By Philippe Boudon Reviewed by Edward Robbins

361 EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES: A REPORT ON A DAY CARE CENTER Participatory Design Study by the Community Design Workshop, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.1974, Reviewed by Donald P. Grant

363 INDEX TO DMG-DRS JOURNAL, VOLUME 9 (1975)
DMG Journal Vol.8 No.4

John S. Gero

Contents

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN ARCHITECTURE 181 EDITORIAL John S. Gero, Guest Editor

182 COMPUTERS IN ARCHITECTURE IN THE U.K. David Campion and Tony Reynolds; Cusdin, Burden and Howitt, London.

200 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN ARCHITECTURE: REVIEW OF JAPAN, Nobuhiro Tohmatsu; Nikken Sekkei Ltd., Osaka

207 CURRENT COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN THE ARCHI— TECTURAL FIELD IN FRANCE Francois Pavageau; S.E.R.I., Renault Engineering, Le Chesnay.

210 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND THE ARCHITECTURE STUDENT IN THE U.S.A. William J. Mitchell; University of California at Los Angeles.

BOOK REVIEWS 238 BOOK REVIEW OF COMPUTERS IN ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN John S. Gero; M.I.T. and Harvard University, Cambridge.

COMING CONFERENCE 240 THE FIRST EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF THE DESIGN RESEARCH SOCIETY, Antwerp, Belgium, 1975

INDEX TO VOLUME 8 (back cover)
DMG Journal Vol.8 No.1

Jean-Pierre Protzen

Contents

1 EDITORIAL Jean—Pierre Protzen, Editor

ETHICS

3 TOWARDS A NEW PARADIGM IN ARCHITECTURE Andrzej Pinno, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

12 DESIGN OBJECTIVES AND THE DESIGN OBJECT Douglas C. Jones, Carnegie—Mellon University,Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

VALUES AND DESIGN

19 ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE: SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT THE POLITICS OF DESIGN Gary Coates, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

DESIGN PARTICIPATION

25 THE LIMITS OF PARTICIPATION Alan Day, Architectural Association

THEORIES OF DESIGN

31 DILEMMAS IN A GENERAL THEORY OF PLANNING Horst W.J. Rittel, and Melvin M. Webber, University of California, Berkeley, California

40 HOW IS DESIGN POSSIBLE? A SCETCH FOR A THEORY Bill Hillier and Adrian Leaman, RIBA Intelligence Unit

COMMENTARY

51 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ON PAPERS FOR THEME 1: DESIGN MORPHOLOGIES C. L. Crickmay

53 AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL FOR DESIGN DECISIONS: SOME SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PLANNING FOR DESIGN John K.C. Liu, Pennsylvania State University
DMG Journal Vol. 8 No. 3

Jean-Pierre Protzen

Contents

121 EDITORIAL Jean-Pierre Protzen, Editor

EVALUATION

124 PROBLEMS OF JUDGMENT IN PROGRAMMATIC ANALYSIS IN ARCHITECTURE : THE SYNTHESIS OF PARTIAL EVALUATIONS Alexander Tzonis, Harvard University, and Ovadiah Salama, Columbia University

136 THE PROBLEM OF WEIGHTING Donald P. Grant, Ph.D., California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

142 SOME IDEAS ON IDEOLOGY AND THE DESIGNER PLANNER'S ROLE IN A PARTICIPATORY PLANNING PROCESS Christian Hermansen, Washington University, St. Louis, and Universidad Catolica de Chile

DESIGN PARTICIPATION

147 THE THREAT OF PLANNED LIVING C.L. Crickmay, The Open University, England

150 DESIGN METHODS FOR DEVELOPING ENVIRONMENTALLY INTEGRATED URBAN SYSTEMS John T. Lyle and Mark von Wodtke, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

MORPHOLOGICAL APPROACH

163 CHEMEHUEVI STUDY: DESIGN OF OUTSIDE WALLS AND ROOF FOR DESERT HOUSING David Brindle, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, and Anne Vernez-Moudon, University of California, Berkeley

BOOK REVIEWS

177 OPPRESSION REVOLUTION AND ARCHITECTURE

Gregory Palermo, Washington University, St. Louis
DMG Journal Vol. 7 No.1

Donald P. Grant

Editorial Staff

Editor: Donald P. Grant, Associate Professor,

School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, California

Editorial Consultant: Charles W. Strong

Associate Editor: Jean—Pierre Protzen, Assistant

Professor, Department of Architecture, University of California, Berkeley

Cover Layout: Christian Fafrenze

Contents

1 SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL Lyna L. Wiggins, San Luis Obispo

11 FUZZY SETS A Partially Annotated Bibliography on the Concept

13 THE STATE OF THE ART Comments by W. B. Jepson, T. F. Heath, and Jaime Lopez

19 COMMUNITY ORGANIZING Donald P. Grant, San Luis Obispo EDUCATION Dimitris A. Fatouros, Thessaloniki

21 EDUCATION Dimitris A. Fatouros, School of Technology, University of Thessaloniki, Greece

28 SPACE PLANNING Articles by Frants Albert, AIA, and Philip Seaman; by Peter G. Rowe and Augusto de Leon—Fajardo; H. H. Waechter, AIA; and Argyris Liberakis.

60 DESIGN PARTICIPATION Professor Melvin M. Webber, Berkeley

65 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS Carl Mays, Corkill and Seddon, Inc., New York

71 SIMULATION Articles by Francis Hendricks, A.I.P., San Luis Obispo, and by Robin Roy, The Open University, England

83 CONSULTING FIRMS Institute of Rational Design Inc. and Carl Mays, Corkill and Seddon, Inc.
DMG Journal Vol.7 No.2

Donald P. Grant

Editorial Staff

Editor: Donald P. Grant, School of Architecture, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, California

Editorial Board Board: Donald P. Grant, San Luis Obispo, DMG Jean-Pierre Protzen, Berkeley, Associate Editor, DMG; Thomas Maver, Architecture, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, DRS; Nigel Cross, The Open University, DRS

The Journal was published quarterly by Donald P. Grant for distribution to members of the Design Methods Group [International] and the Design Research Society [United Kingdom]. Printed by Omega Press, San Luis Obispo

Contents

85 Progress Report: April 1973

86 The DMG and "The Design Activity" Conference Thomas L. Thomson and Donald P. Grant

88 The Second Generation and Beyond Donald P. Grant, San Luis Obispo

89 Design for Revolution or Reaction? Thomas A. Markus, Glasgow

90 The Scope for Formal Quantitative Analysis Professor Mike Simpson, Lancaster University

92 A Need for Understanding and Cross-Fertilisation Sydney Gregory, University of Aston

93 Software Design Workshop J. Christopher Jones and Christopher Crickmay

96 Application of Design Methods in Practice William R. Miller, Design Methods, Los Angeles

97 Situation Design Thomas L. Thomson, Washington University

98 Design Morphologies Martin K. Starr, Columbia University

CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS

99 Activities Programme Abstracts

101 Session One: Design Morphologies

104 Session Two: Design Processes, Techniques, Algorithms

110 Session Three: Design Objectives

114 Session Four: Case Studies

121 Session Five: Professionalism, Education, and Intergroup Working

OTHER CONFERENCES

124 THE TENTH ANNUAL DESIGN AUTOMATION WORKSHOP Abstracts of papers from the "Architecture" Session [July 25-27, 1973, Portland, Oregon]

125 EDRA FOUR Abstracts of papers selected for presentation at EDRA FOUR [The Fourth Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association, Blacksburg, Virginia, April 15-18, 1973]

130 SEVENTH ANNUAL A.C.M. URBAN SYMPOSIUM Abstracts of papers presented at the Seventh Annual Symposium on Computers and Urban Society, sponsored by the Association for Computing Machinery [New York, October 1972]

THE STATE OF THE ART IN DESIGN METHODS

The series of articles on "The State of the Art in Design Methods" that was initiated in March, 1971, in the DMG Newsletter is partially reproduced here as an aid in setting the stage for dialogue at the conference in London in August. Reprinted here are those entries that were originally printed in the DMG Newsletter. Additional contributions printed in the DMG-DRS JOURNAL: DESIGN RESEARCH AND METHODS starting with Volume 6 Number 1 are not reprinted here. A new entry is reprinted from PROGE SSIVE ARCHITECTURE, by Esther McCoy.

132 Esther McCoy [from P/A, October 1972]

133 Christopher Alexander, Berkeley

136 Martin K. Starr, Columbia University

137 C. West Churchman, Berkeley

137 Richard L. Meier, Berkeley

138 Sydney Gregory, University of Aston, Birmingham

138 Geoffrey Broadbent, Portsmouth Polytechnic

110 J. Christopher Jones, The Open University

141 M. Rubinger, Nova Scotia Technical College

143 Horst W. J. Rittel, Berkeley

148 Some Principles for the Design of an Educational System for Design Horst W. J. Rittel, Berkeley

BOOK REVIEWS 160 Design Participation, reviewed by R. John Lansdown, London

ARTICLES

162 Pedestrian Traffic Flows N. I. S. Foot, Birmingham, U.K.

168 Towards a Redefinition of User Needs Maureen Taylor, London

173 Perception, Environmental Preferences and The Designer Susan-Ann Lee, Kingston Polytechnic
DMG Journal Vol. 7 No.3

Donald P. Grant

Contents

THE PAPERS OF THE SIX FINALISTS IN THE DMG-GRAHAM FOUNDATION FELLOWSHIP IN APPLIED DESIGN METHODS. The recipient of the Fellowship, who received the award at the "Design Activity" Conference in London the last three days of August, is Mr. Weber. His paper appears starting on page 207.

182 THE ECOPLANNER METHOD OF URBAN ANALYSIS Catherine Fortlage, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland

186 APPLICATIONS OF SYSTEMATIC DESIGN METHODS FOR COUPLING ACTIVITY SYSTEMS AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS - A REAL WORLD CASE STUDY Lee Stephen Windheim Leo A. Daly Company, San Francisco, California

194 ANALYSIS OF RHONE AND IREDALE DESIGN METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO SEDGEWICK LIBRARY PROJECT 1969-1973 Randle Iredale, Rhone and Iredale, Architects, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

201 CASE STUDY: THE DESIGN OF A,SMALL HOSPITAL OPERATING THEATRE SUITE AS AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE RANGE AND POWER OF TWO METHODOLOGICAL CONCEPTS Thomas F. Heath, McConnel-Smith and Johnson, Architects, Sydney, Australia

207 THE EVOLUTION OF A PLACE TO DWELL: ANATOMY OF RESIDENTIAL SITE DESIGN AS PARTICIPATORY PROCESS AND PRODUCT IN THE GEORGE STREET URBAN RENEWAL AREA, NEW BRUNSWICK NEW JERSEY, U.S.A. Princeton University and The People's Workshop, Princeton, New Jersey

213 SAR DESIGN METHOD FOR HOUSING - SEVEN YEARS OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE REAL WORLD N. J. Habraken, Stichting Architecten Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

219 STATE OF THE ART WHAT IF..... SOME THOUGHTS OF METHODOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH -- VIEWED THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS OF BERKELEY Eric Dluhosch, Director of Research, School of Architecture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

DESIGN SYSTEMS

229 BEHAVIORAL TENDENCIES AS ARCHITECTURAL STARTING POINT Argyris Liberakis, Thessaloniki, Greece

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN

237 EXPRESS CAR AND SKY LOBBY STRATEGIES FOR HIGH RISE OFFICE BUILDINGS Alton J. Penz, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

BOOK PREVIEW

246 EMERGING METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AND PLANNING Edited by Gary T. Moore, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts.

SQUATTER HOUSING

251 A paper and responses from the AAAS-CONACYT Symposium in Mexico, D.F., July 2-3 1973, on "Human Dwellings."

251 LAND AND TRANSPORTATION: BASIC ELEMENTS IN BARRIO DEVELOPMENT Thomas R. Callaway, U.S. Depart- ment of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C.

256 THE CITY OF TOMORROW, THE PROBLEMS OF TODAY AND THE LESSONS OF THE PAST Amos Rapoport, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee

260 PLANNING FOR SQUATTER HOUSING Don Grant, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, California

DESIGN PARTICIPATION

263 USER PARTICIPATION: THE POWER OF THE PROCESS Sam Sloan, People Space Architecture, Spokane, Washington

EDUCATION

264 THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE, UNIVER-SITY OF SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA

BOOK REVIEWS

266 Two reviews of DEFENSIBLE SPACE, by Oscar Newman

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

269 DATA BANK FOR A SMALL ARCHITECTURAL OFFICE Donald P. Grant and Arthur J. Chapman, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo
DMG Journal Vol.7 No.4

Donald P. Grant and Jean-Pierre Protzen

Contents

ERRATA

280 Correction of errors appearing in Volume Seven Number Three, Jul-Sep 1973

CONFERENCE CRITIQUE

280 IMPRESSIONS ON "THE DESIGN ACTIVITY" CONFERENCE HELD IN LONDON AUGUST 29-31, 1973 Rodrigue Guite, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

BOOK REVIEW

280 THE UNIVERSAL TRAVELER Don Koberg and Jim Bagnall, Reviewed by H. H. Waechter, AIA

DESIGN PARTICIPATION

282 ON THE DESIGN OF SYSTEMS FOR ha,*YhCTIVh USER DESIGN PARTICIPATION IN URBAN DESIGNS J. K. Page, Professor of Building Science, Univ. of Sheffield

APPLIED DESIGN METHODS

294 DESIGN OF PLAY MATERIALS FOR INFANTS Richard Allen Chase, M.D., D. Michael Williams, and John J. Fisher III, Baltimore and New York

306 THE DESIGN ACTIVITY AS A SUBJECT OF STUDYING - THE DESIGN METHODOLOGY Wojciech W. Gasparski Institute of Praxiology, Warsaw, Poland

312 TYPE PSYCHOLOGY AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING PROJECTS Martin Krampen, Ph.D. Universities of Ulm, Germany, and Geneva, Switzerland

320 OBSERVATIONS ON DESIGNER BEHAVIOR IN THE PARTI Adel Foz, M.I.T., Cambridge, Massachusetts

324 INDEX TO VOLUMES 6 and 7 OF DMG-DRS JOURNAL: DESIGN RESEARCH AND METHODS, and to THE DMG 5th ANNIVERSARY REPORT (DMG OCCASIONAL PAPER NUMBER ONE)

SELECTED PAPERS

329 1973 MEMBERSHIP LIST FOR THE DESIGN METHODS GROUP, BY GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION

332 IT MIGHT WORK, BUT WILL IT HELP? Guy Weinzapfel, M.I.T., Cambridge, Massachusetts

336 A POLITICAL MODEL FOR DESIGN DECISION MAKING Norman Roberts, Oxford Polytechnic, Oxford, England

342 THE USE OF EXISTING SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILES IN FORMULATING ALTERNATIVE PLANNING OUTCOMES Dimitri Procos and Andrew S. Harvey, Halifax, N.S.

347 TOWARD CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING AND DESIGN: POTENTIAL TECHNIQUES Floyd Barwig, Participation Systems Inc., Troy,New York.

353 AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY FOR PLANNING AN ALTERNATIVE SCHOOL Henry Sanoff and George Barbour, Raleigh, North Carolina

359 THE BUREX METHOD: A CASE STUDY IN OFFICE, SPACE LAYOUT FOR LARGE ORGANIZATIONS Jacques Kreitmann, Paris

364 GAMING WITH FACTOR ANALYSIS: THE USER USED? Jean-Pierre Peneau and Jean-Paul Maroy, Nantes and Paris

SQUATTER HOUSING + COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

370 THE PROCESS OF URBAN SETTLEMMITS Arqu. Roberto Eibenschutz, Instituto de Accion Urbana a Integracion Social, Toluca, Estado de Mexico, Mexico

373 COMMENT ON "THE PROCESS OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS Ramiro Cardona G., Corporacion Centro Regional de Poblacion, Bogota, Colombia

376 SYSTEMS BUILDING INN OVATION IN THE DESIGN OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES: SOME INFLUENCES OF SYSTEMS BUILDING (abstract) Sheila Clibbon, A.R.I.B.A., Philadelphia, Pa.